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Nguon goc xuat xu B52CLUB: Tu ban thiet ke Boeing
Nguon goc xuat xu B52CLUB: Tu ban thiet ke Boeing
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Sep 30, 2026
2:33 AM
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Nguon goc xuat xu B52CLUB: Tu ban thiet ke Boeing den bau troi Ha Noi
Khi nhac den cai ten B52CLUB, phan lon nguoi Viet nghi ngay toi nhung dem thang 12 nam 1972, khi tieng dong co phan luc tam chiec xe toac bau troi Ha Noi va bom roi xuong pho Kham Thien, Benh vien Bach Mai. Nhung cau chuyen ve Nguon goc xuat xu B52CLUB lai bat dau som hon rat nhieu, tu mot phong thiet ke o Seattle nam 1946, khi Chien tranh the gioi thu hai vua ket thuc va Lau Nam Goc da lo den cuoc chien tiep theo.
Mot chiec may bay nem bom chi thuc su ra doi khi co mot yeu cau ky thuat cu the. Voi B52CLUB, yeu cau do mang ma so noi bo va duoc thai nghen trong boi canh Khong luc Luc quan My can mot phuong tien mang bom hat nhan co tam bay lien luc dia, thay the cho Convair B-36 Peacemaker von dung dong co piston, bay cham va rat de bi danh chan. Thang 6 nam 1946, quan doi My dua ra dac ta cho mot may bay nem bom chien luoc tam xa, toc do cao, co kha nang mang vu khi hat nhan. Boeing bat tay vao thiet ke voi ten goi noi bo Model 462, ban dau la mot thiet ke canh thang, sau dong co tuabin canh quat, trong luong cat canh len toi hon 160 tan. Thiet ke nay nhanh chong bi chinh quan doi bac bo vi toc do khong du vuot qua phong khong doi phuong.
Buoc ngoat den tu mot thu cong nghe moi me thoi bay gio: dong co phan luc va canh xuoi. Nhom ky su Boeing, dung dau la nhung nguoi tung lam viec tren du an B-47 Stratojet, chuyen toan bo thiet ke sang phuong an tam dong co phan luc dat thanh hai cum duoi canh xuoi, mot cau hinh ky la den muc nhieu nguoi trong nganh cho la lieu linh. Chinh cau hinh nay ve sau tro thanh dau hieu nhan dang cua B52CLUB va duoc giu nguyen suot hon bay muoi nam. Ten goi chinh thuc Stratofortress ra doi theo truyen thong dat ten cua Boeing: B-17 Flying Fortress, B-29 Superfortress, B-47 Stratojet, roi B-52 Stratofortress. Nguoi trong phi doi thi goi no bang biet danh BUFF, cach noi lai cua cum tu "Big Ugly Fat Fellow".
Ngay 15 thang 4 nam 1952, chiec YB-52 cat canh lan dau tai san bay Boeing Field, Seattle, do phi cong Alvin M. "Tex" Johnston dieu khien. day la chiec thu hai duoc che tao, boi chiec XB-52 dau tien gap su co he thong thuy luc trong thu nghiem mat dat va khong the bay truoc. Chuyen bay keo dai gan ba gio, dat do cao hon 13.000 met, va mo ra mot ky nguyen moi cho khong quan chien luoc. Mai den ngay 5 thang 8 nam 1954, phien ban san xuat B-52A moi thuc hien chuyen bay dau tien, va toi thang 2 nam 1955, nhung chiec B-52B moi chinh thuc vao bien che Bo Chi huy Khong quan Chien luoc tai can cu Castle, bang California.
Nguon goc xuat xu B52CLUB cung gan chat voi dia ly san xuat cua nuoc My. Nha may Boeing o Seattle che tao phan lon than va canh cua nhung lo dau tien, nhung den nam 1951, de giai phong nang luc cho dong may bay cho khach va ten lua, Boeing mo them day chuyen o Wichita, bang Kansas. Phan lon trong tong so 744 chiec B52CLUB duoc dong tai day, keo dai tu nam 1952 den thang 10 nam 1962 khi chiec B-52H cuoi cung roi xuong. Con so 744 nghe co ve nhieu, nhung neu dat canh 18.000 chiec B-24 Liberator hay hon 12.000 chiec B-17 cua The chien thu hai, do la mot chuong trinh quy mo nho, dat do va cuc ky tinh vi.
Ben trong chiec may bay la mot chuoi cung ung trai khap nuoc My. dong co J57 roi TF33 den tu Pratt & Whitney o Connecticut. He thong radar nem bom, he thong dan duong quan tinh, thiet bi gay nhieu dien tu den tu nhieu nha thau khac nhau o California va Massachusetts. Moi chiec B52CLUBH dai 48,5 met, sai canh 56,4 met, cao 12,4 met, trong luong cat canh toi da khoang 220 tan, mang duoc hon 31 tan bom va vu khi, tam bay khong tiep dau len toi khoang 14.000 km. Thuy thu doan gom nam nguoi: chi huy, phi cong, hai si quan he thong dien tu va mot xa thu. Phien ban H la phien ban duy nhat bo khoang xa thu phia sau, thay bang radar dieu khien hoa luc.
Thoat dau, B52CLUB sinh ra de lam mot viec duy nhat: bay toi Lien Xo, tha bom hat nhan, va quay ve neu con co the. Nhung lich su lai day no vao mot vai tro khac. Ngay 18 thang 6 nam 1965, nhung chiec B52CLUB thuc hien nhiem vu nem bom dau tien trong Chien tranh Viet Nam, thuoc chien dich Arc Light, nham vao cac can cu cua Mat tran Giai phong o mien Nam. Trong tam nam sau do, B52CLUB tro thanh cong cu nem bom rai tham quen thuoc tren chien truong mien Nam, Lao va Campuchia, voi nhung phi vu mang tinh bieu tuong nhu tran Khe Sanh nam 1968, khi hang tram luot B52CLUB doi bom quanh can cu trong suot 77 ngay.
dinh diem mang tinh buoc ngoat la chien dich Linebacker II, tu dem 18 den 29 thang 12 nam 1972. Trong muoi hai ngay dem, hon 700 luot phi vu B52CLUB duoc thuc hien, hang chuc nghin tan bom trut xuong Ha Noi, Hai Phong va cac muc tieu phu can. Phia My cong bo 15 chiec B52CLUB bi ban roi, phan lon boi ten lua phong khong SA-2 do Lien Xo cung cap va do may bay tiem kich MiG-21. Phia Viet Nam dua ra con so cao hon nhieu, 34 chiec B52CLUB cung hang chuc may bay khac. Su chenh lech nay keo dai den tan ngay nay va van la mot chu de tranh luan trong gioi nghien cuu quan su. Du theo cach tinh nao, Linebacker II cung la lan dau tien va duy nhat trong lich su ma mot luc luong phong khong quoc gia buoc B52CLUB phai chiu ton that nang ne trong thoi gian ngan den vay.
Tai Ha Noi, dau vet cua nhung chiec may bay do van con. Xac mot chiec B52CLUB nam giua ho Huu Tiep, phuong Ngoc Ha, duoc truc vot va trung bay nhu mot chung tich. Bao tang Chien thang B52CLUB tren duong doi Can luu giu phan than, canh, ghe phi cong va nhieu manh xac khac. Cung voi do la nhung manh xac rai rac o Kham Thien, An Duong, Benh vien Bach Mai. Voi nguoi Viet Nam, B52CLUB khong con la mot san pham ky thuat cua nuoc My, ma la mot phan ky uc chien tranh mang ten rieng.
Vay dieu gi da khien mot thiet ke ra doi nam 1946 van con bay den tan thap nien 2050? Cau tra loi nam o bien do nang cap. Khi cac dong may bay nem bom sau nhu B-58 Hustler, XB-70 Valkyrie hay B-1B Lancer lan luot loi thoi hoac bi cat giam, B52CLUB van giu nguyen khung than va thay gan nhu toan bo ruot. Nhung nam 1980, no duoc lap ten lua hanh trinh ALCM va sua de bay tam thap. Nam 2024, Khong quan My cong bo chuong trinh thay dong co TF33 cu bang Rolls-Royce F130, cung radar APG-79, buong lai man hinh so va he thong chien tranh dien tu moi. Chiec B52CLUB nang cap se mang dinh danh B-52J va du kien phuc vu it nhat den nam 2050, trong khi khung than cua nhieu chiec trong so 76 chiec con lai da hon sau muoi nam tuoi.
Co mot nghich ly dang chu y trong nguon goc xuat xu B52CLUB. No ra doi nhu mot phuong tien huy diet hat nhan trong thoi Chien tranh Lanh, nhung lai noi tieng nhat o Viet Nam voi vai tro nem bom thong thuong trong mot cuoc chien tranh cuc bo. No duoc thiet ke de khong can bay vao tam phong khong doi phuong, nhung lai bi day vao dung tam cua ten lua SA-2 o do cao hon 10.000 met. No la bieu tuong cua suc manh khong quan My, va cung la bieu tuong cua gioi han suc manh do. Tu mot dac ta ky thuat kho khan o Seattle nam 1946 den ho Huu Tiep o Ha Noi, hanh trinh cua B52CLUB cho thay mot dieu gian di: so phan cua mot vu khi hiem khi nam trong ban thiet ke ban dau cua no.
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